Sampling does not lose information below the Nyquist limit, but quantization does introduce errors that can't be fixed. And resampling at a different rate might introduce extra errors, like when you recompress a JPEG.
I see I lose data on the [18kHz..) range, but at the same time as a male I'm not supposed to hear that past in my early 30s, sprinkle concerts on top and make it more like 16kHz :/
At least I don't have tinnitus.
Here's my test,
```fish
set -l sample ~/Music/your_sample_song.flac # NOTE: Maybe clip a 30s sample beforehand
set -l borked /tmp/borked.flac # WARN: Will get overwritten (but more likely won't exist yet)
cp -f $sample $borked
for i in (seq 10)
echo "$i: Resampling to 44.1kHz..."
ffmpeg -i $borked -ar 44100 -y $borked.tmp.flac 2>/dev/null
mv $borked.tmp.flac $borked
echo "$i: Resampling to 48kHz..."
ffmpeg -i /tmp/borked.flac -ar 48000 -y $borked.tmp.flac 2>/dev/null
mv $borked.tmp.flac $borked
end
echo "Playing original $sample"
ffplay -nodisp -autoexit $sample 2>/dev/null
echo "Playing borked file $borked"
ffplay -nodisp -autoexit $borked 2>/dev/null
echo "Diffing..."
set -l spec_config 's=2048x1024:start=0:stop=22000:scale=log:legend=1'
ffmpeg -i $sample -lavfi showspectrumpic=$spec_config /tmp/sample.png -y 2>/dev/null
ffmpeg -i $borked -lavfi showspectrumpic=$spec_config /tmp/borked.png -y 2>/dev/null
echo "Spectrograms,"
ls -l /tmp/*.spec.png
```
Yeah, they know and their comment reflects that knowledge. They're saying that if we had infinite bit depth, we could arbitrarily resample anything to anything as long as the sample rate is above the Nyquist frequency; however we don't have an infinite bit depth, we have a finite bit depth (i.e the samples are quantized), which limits the dynamic range (i.e introduces noise). This noise can compound when resampling.
The key point is that even with finite bit depth (as long as you dither properly), the effect of finite bit depth is easily controlled noise of program chosen spectrum. i.e. as long as your sampling isn't doing anything really dumb, the noise introduced by sampling is well below noise floor.
I've been trying to figure out whether this is true or not, and I've only been able to find that it doesn't compound: the noise from the original quantization and the noise from the second (post-resample) quantisation aren't independent, both arise from rounding the data to the same 16-bit grid. Somehow, this seems to mean the noise doesn't compound.
I wish I understood this better and at least knew whether it's true or false. I have to do more reading on it.
Vueling, the largest airline in Spain is actually shifting from the 320 to an all Boeing 737 MAX fleet in the coming years. I was really sad to hear that given it's size and presence in Europe.
This decision was actually made at IAG (International Airlines Group) which is the parent company of Vueling, British Airways, Iberia etc... not Vueling per se. The main motivation behind it is the price drop on the 737 MAX line. I'm surprised that switching to Boeing it's even worth it considering given these companies mostly fly Airbus planes so their pilots, supply chains for maintenance etc will need an overhaul
most low cost airlines are on 737 actually. I guess the strategy for Vuelling is definitely to go more after ryanair and other holiday carriers.
Some MBA types might also see the opportunity to lay off experienced expensive Airbus pilots and hire new cheaper Boeing pilots, classic strategic gambling, not sure those things ever pay off.
I think their fleet is largely fairly old; if they were to order a320s _now_ they could be waiting a decade (there's a horrendous backlog), so realistically they may not have much choice.
Eurowings (Lufthansa's low cost carrier) has also ordered 40 737 MAX (or rather has been "allocated" a probably pre-existing order): https://newscloud.eurowings.com/en/eurowings-sets-sights-on-... Notwithstanding the marketing BS, I wonder what the real reason behind this decision is - probably a combination between the length of Airbus's delivery backlog, a "sweet" deal with Boeing, cozying up to Trump, and some other considerations that I can't think of right now?
EDIT: after researching a bit more, it looks like the initial order was from 2023 (https://simpleflying.com/lufthansa-40-boeing-737-max-40-airb...), so "cozying up to Trump" was probably not a factor at the time. Also, I imagine that order being passed around like the proverbial hot potato between all the airlines in Lufthansa group, until it finally landed in Eurowings' lap: "Interested in some brand new state of the art 737 MAXes? No? Why? What do you mean, `You take them if you're so fond of them`? We would, gladly, but we have an all-A320 fleet and would like to keep it that way. Oh, you too, really?".
> probably a combination between the length of Airbus's delivery backlog
It's likely this. Airbus has a backlog of ~7500 A32x orders right now, and produces about 75 a month, so if you order one today, you're looking at eight years.
Though also some budget airlines like the 737 because it's _short_; it's not as high off the ground as an A320, making access via airstairs more feasible.
I mean as budget airlines go, they're actually not at all bad. I recently went to Barcelona on Vueling and returned on Ryanair (due to flight timings), and I was easily twice as irritated by the flight back vs the flight out.
(They do, however, use Dublin airport's worst 'gate', 335, which is _actually_ a bus to a small fake terminal separate from any of the main ones.)
In my experience they're the worst. I have legs and 29" doesn't work for me. Twice they've had check-in so slow we all panicked thinking we would miss the flight. And they've been the worst I've ever experienced during IRROPS
Yeah there are multiple accents in Spanish, but each accent is still a 1:1 mapping from written word to pronunciation, there's no enough/through/dough nonsense.
In Spain you'll listen the three cases at once and all of them are perfectly valid.
-ito it's almost the universal way everywhere in the Hispanic world.
-ico it's widely used in the South of Navarre and Aragón and everyone will understand you. Heck, it's the diminutive from used by the hick people, and thus, it's uber known, altough you might look like a bumfuck village redneck sheepherd with a beret by using -ico outside of Navarre/Aragón.
-illo it's more from the South, but, again, understood everywhere.
In Argentina everyone will understand you, but if you don't use "ito" then people may ask where are you from.
"ico" is used in many countries of Central America and Caribe. I asked someone from Colombia, so I'm sure about Colombia but I'm no sure about every other country.
Is "illo" used in Madrid? I think I heard it in movies or TV programs from Spain.
I grew up in the generation where every manufacturer decided blinding bright blue LEDs were standard features of all consumer electronics. Maybe I am just desensitized to it?
reply