> . Take for example Urdu, the language spoken in Pakistan and large parts of Kashmir. It is an entirely artificial language, based on Pashto and Farsi if I recall correctly, that was imposed some 200 years ago by the British Raj as a political decision to submit the local population.
To clarify: Urdu is primarily Hindi, Arabic, and some Farsi. I don't speak any of those languages, but from what I understand, those are the primary components. Pashto is a more minor one. which has had an influence on the language due to the large number of native Pashto speakers in Pakistan.
Also, most of what you said is correct, but to anyone reading this, that Wikipedia page is unfortunately rather misleading. It's not exactly wrong because Hindi itself is so heterogenous that it should honestly be considered multiple languages. But it says that Hindi and Urdu are mutually intelligible, which is misleading. Really, a more accurate statement would be that "some speakers who identify their language as Hindi are able to understand Urdu". Many Hindi speakers[0] would not be able to understand Urdu; many have difficulty even understanding other Hindi speakers.
For example, most of my family speaks fluent Hindi[1]. However, none of them can actually understand Urdu except the ones that also happen to speak Arabic (because they lived in Arabic-speaking countries for a few years). It's like how English speakers may be able to pick out some German words, but not actually understand the language when spoken, whereas learning Dutch might help them bridge the gap.
This is similar to the situation with Arabic, which we treat as a single language, but is actually a spectrum of many different languages that are partially (but not always completely) mutually intelligible. It's hard to explain this by analogy to English speakers, unfortunately, because English dialects are relatively homogeneous by comparison[2].
[0] and I'd be willing to venture most, though it depends very much on which regions and religions you survey
[1] Again, to be precise, this means that they use the name "Hindi" to refer to the language that they speak.
[2] which says more about what we classify as "English", which is a political decision rather than a linguistic one, which brings us back to the original point all over again.
To clarify: Urdu is primarily Hindi, Arabic, and some Farsi. I don't speak any of those languages, but from what I understand, those are the primary components. Pashto is a more minor one. which has had an influence on the language due to the large number of native Pashto speakers in Pakistan.
Also, most of what you said is correct, but to anyone reading this, that Wikipedia page is unfortunately rather misleading. It's not exactly wrong because Hindi itself is so heterogenous that it should honestly be considered multiple languages. But it says that Hindi and Urdu are mutually intelligible, which is misleading. Really, a more accurate statement would be that "some speakers who identify their language as Hindi are able to understand Urdu". Many Hindi speakers[0] would not be able to understand Urdu; many have difficulty even understanding other Hindi speakers.
For example, most of my family speaks fluent Hindi[1]. However, none of them can actually understand Urdu except the ones that also happen to speak Arabic (because they lived in Arabic-speaking countries for a few years). It's like how English speakers may be able to pick out some German words, but not actually understand the language when spoken, whereas learning Dutch might help them bridge the gap.
This is similar to the situation with Arabic, which we treat as a single language, but is actually a spectrum of many different languages that are partially (but not always completely) mutually intelligible. It's hard to explain this by analogy to English speakers, unfortunately, because English dialects are relatively homogeneous by comparison[2].
[0] and I'd be willing to venture most, though it depends very much on which regions and religions you survey
[1] Again, to be precise, this means that they use the name "Hindi" to refer to the language that they speak.
[2] which says more about what we classify as "English", which is a political decision rather than a linguistic one, which brings us back to the original point all over again.