I wonder if you used a Google account in good standing for a bot, at what point would they start to detect it was a bot? I imagine if you used it for more than a few CAPTCHAs daily you'd probably end up having to do additional validation.
I actually have some bots which scrape Google sites (for the purpose of integrating stuff like Google Keep into KRunner), and they just use the Useragent of a regular phone, send normal POST data, etc. Works perfectly fine, and — I just checked — this bot is recognized as normal user by this captcha system. No Captcha input.
I tried it even with a new Google profile and just using cURL to log into Google, then started a new browser session and imported the cookies from cURL. Worked just as well.
I guess this makes it easier for malicious bot-authors...
Interestingly I logged out of my Google account in Chrome and immediately got an old style CAPTCHA. But not when I logged out in Safari (I very rarely use Safari).
Edit- Nevermind, it looks like Safari left some google.com cookie lying around while Chrome deleted it. Deleting it gave me the old CAPTCHA.