Not within Vagrant itself. This is really the realm of configuration management tools. As far as I know, no tools do this reverse engineering because it is a fundamentally very difficult problem, but many of the config mgmt tools make it very easy to translate shell commands to rudimentary scripts for their systems.
Vagrant doesn't, but blueprint[0] seems to be a decent tool for generating puppet manifests. I haven't used it personally, but an Ops guy at work has had some success with it.
