The primary cause of this discrepancy was engineering error.
Specifically, the flight system software on the Mars Climate
Orbiter was written to take thrust instructions using the
metric unit newtons (N), while the software on the ground that
generated those instructions used the Imperial measure
pound-force (lbf). This error has since been known as the
"metric mixup" and has been carefully avoided in all missions
since by NASA.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter#Cause_of_f...