I'm not sure recently this came about, but Homebrew can do this via "bottles" (precompiled package binaries). Not all packages are bottled, but a lot of the popular ones are. [1]
They also did a Kickstarter a couple weeks back to finance the automation of the compilation process. [2]
MacPorts also installs the most common packages from precompiled binaries. Fink also has the ability (--use-binary-dist).
The main difference here is that the entire pkgsrc universe is available as precompiled binaries, which can save you a whole lot of time/CPU cycles. It could also help circumvent the "compiles fine for the package maintainer but not for me" type of errors which are often the most time consuming.
They also did a Kickstarter a couple weeks back to finance the automation of the compilation process. [2]
[1]: https://github.com/mxcl/homebrew/wiki/Bottles
[2]: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/homebrew/brew-test-bot