Ad targeting may be old good regional advertising. Or advertising in specific content rather than trying to target specific human beings based on their profiles.
What if the target market for your specific content is 10k people? And they are spread out geographically?
Let's say you develop a new product/service aimed at a thin slice of the population - say, dentists in Chicago, or 19 y.o. females across the US, or beginner coders, or people with older dogs in the state of Utah.
How do you reach these people?
Not through a national/regional ad campaign - your ad budget is likely $10-$100/day. This is why we all need targeted ads.
What could be a product only for such a specific niche?
All dentists is Cervelo market :) Even if you really really want to target specifically Chicago dentists, you’re probably better off doing a presentation at local dentists’ union or something along those lines. Or just doing old good cold calls.
As for 19 year olds, just advertise in whatever is popular among such crowd? If 18 or 20 y/o sees it, it’s probably not far off, eh?
Why your budget and timing should take higher priority than my privacy? Arguably social coherence is at risk too since targeted ads in politics may be very nasty. Targeted ads benefit few at expense of the whole society.