> Lustig is a highly biased source. I would be interested in summaries of controlled studies which aren't cherry-picked comparing iso-caloric diets of sugar vs fat.
The very paper you cite asserts "strong ties between fructose and disease," points out that "high fructose consumption is appreciated as a culprit in metabolic disease," and presents a supremely well-researched case against fructose. Regardless of the precise metabolic fate of low-dose fructose (whatever "low dose" ends up meaning for humans), the practical takeaway of your paper (and mountains of research) agrees with Lustig's: avoid fructose.
Also, that paper is a mouse study. Even if metabolic pathways are exactly identical between mice and humans, how much fructose constitutes a "high" dose that they show overflows from the small intestine to the liver? They address this, emphasis mine:
> The extent of passage of unmetabolized fructose through the small intestine to the liver depended on dose. Conversion of doses between mice and humans is not straightforward. Across mammals, total metabolic activity more closely mirrors body surface area than mass. For a typical adult mouse, daily intake is ~12 kcal, versus ~2,400 kcal for an adult human. One sensible way of converting doses of macronutrients is based on caloric intake: a dose of 0.5 g/kg fructose in mouse is ~0.5% of daily calorie intake, or the same as 3 g of fructose in a person (one orange or about 2 ounces of soda). Thus, the doses that we study here are in the range of typical human fructose consumption (Marriott et al., 2009; Macdonald, 2016).
That mouse dose they convert, 0.5 g/kg, is halfway to the 1 g/kg threshold they define as "high dose fructose." So if you drink more than 4 ounces of soda per day, your liver is doing the bulk of fructose metabolism.
What makes you call Lustig "highly biased"? While he is admittedly argumentative and even a bit sensationalist in his presentation, he bases all of his claims on extensively sourced physiology and epidemiology research, and his credentials and career are highly relevant, for what it's worth.
Again, the conclusion from decades of research is abundantly clear at this point: avoid fructose.
The very paper you cite asserts "strong ties between fructose and disease," points out that "high fructose consumption is appreciated as a culprit in metabolic disease," and presents a supremely well-researched case against fructose. Regardless of the precise metabolic fate of low-dose fructose (whatever "low dose" ends up meaning for humans), the practical takeaway of your paper (and mountains of research) agrees with Lustig's: avoid fructose.
Also, that paper is a mouse study. Even if metabolic pathways are exactly identical between mice and humans, how much fructose constitutes a "high" dose that they show overflows from the small intestine to the liver? They address this, emphasis mine:
> The extent of passage of unmetabolized fructose through the small intestine to the liver depended on dose. Conversion of doses between mice and humans is not straightforward. Across mammals, total metabolic activity more closely mirrors body surface area than mass. For a typical adult mouse, daily intake is ~12 kcal, versus ~2,400 kcal for an adult human. One sensible way of converting doses of macronutrients is based on caloric intake: a dose of 0.5 g/kg fructose in mouse is ~0.5% of daily calorie intake, or the same as 3 g of fructose in a person (one orange or about 2 ounces of soda). Thus, the doses that we study here are in the range of typical human fructose consumption (Marriott et al., 2009; Macdonald, 2016).
That mouse dose they convert, 0.5 g/kg, is halfway to the 1 g/kg threshold they define as "high dose fructose." So if you drink more than 4 ounces of soda per day, your liver is doing the bulk of fructose metabolism.
What makes you call Lustig "highly biased"? While he is admittedly argumentative and even a bit sensationalist in his presentation, he bases all of his claims on extensively sourced physiology and epidemiology research, and his credentials and career are highly relevant, for what it's worth.
Again, the conclusion from decades of research is abundantly clear at this point: avoid fructose.