The aforementioned GNU Guix and the similar Nix project are exactly that: Cross-platform (mostly, at least Nix requires a unixy layer on Windows) language-independent package managers.
One could argue that they aren't "successful" (in that they don't have all the packages you might want), but they are still quite new and are pretty different from traditional package managers. I believe that Nix/Guix are the future, but a future that will take some time to become widespread.
Windows is hopeless. If Windows is a must, you really cannot do much better than a package manager per language that you use. No binary reproducibility, no transactional management, no provenance, no thanks.
One could argue that they aren't "successful" (in that they don't have all the packages you might want), but they are still quite new and are pretty different from traditional package managers. I believe that Nix/Guix are the future, but a future that will take some time to become widespread.