Consider that in the browser, JavaScript is (with a few minor exceptions) the closest to a universal scripting runtime/VM that we can get. Targeting the browser, therefore, requires compiling down to JavaScript. So JavaScript (the language) and CoffeeScript can both be awesome in the way that Scala and Clojure have their different niches on the JVM.
Html/js is good for some UI parts of an app but eventually makes one yearn for native threading/locking, queueing, posting notifications, for that last 10-20% of code.
It depends.
There are a group of people who dislike Java so whatever the arguments are, they will not see SC or Cappuccino better than GWT.
GWT has typical Java attributes/properties: lots of tools and libraries, growing communities, a bit verbose, some setups, a bit heavy (not performance, but from a developer perspective).
Its fine. Downloaded the pdf. Its straightforward. Good examples. The topic of graphs is so interesting. Its more fun, as you read, to think about how this can describe real world networks like facebook friends, traffic patterns on a gmap, internet routers, world trade patterns.