Strangely, I thought I remember being able to use breakpoints on https://cloudflareworkers.com/ - I thought it handled inspector messages in a nested loop until receiving debugger resume command - since the beginning but I guess I must be mistaken... Maybe that was just an idea we had back then.
Don't know about webcams - usually (unlike in OP's case) those already have good OS-level support, but I did port gphoto2 to Wasm+WebUSB for access to DSLRs & mirrorless cameras: https://github.com/GoogleChromeLabs/web-gphoto2
Browser ports can't integrate at OS level, they're intentionally separated today, but given that e.g. Node.js has WebUSB support (https://github.com/node-usb/node-usb), I guess you could make a layer that exposes such Wasm drivers as native to the OS. Could be a fun experiment.